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The average owner of a three-year-old EV in America drives around 9,059 miles (14,579 km) in a year, a new iSeeCars study reveals. That’s over 3,000 miles (4,828 km) or 29 percent less than the average internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle owner drives in a year.

Even the owners of the most driven three-year-old EVs on the road today drive less than the 12,758 miles (20,532 km) completed by the average owner of a three-year-old ICE vehicle. The top four EVs by average distance traveled annually are all from Tesla, with its large SUV, the Model X, topping the list at 10,378 miles (16,702 km) per year.

Tesla drivers come the closest to matching the driving behavior of traditional car owners,” said Karl Brauer, iSeeCars’ executive analyst. “Without Tesla, the average miles per year for EV drivers would drop from 9,059 (14,579 km) to 6,719 (10,813 km).”

Most Driven 3-Year Old EVs

Model Avg Annual Miles Avg EPA Range Avg Price
Tesla Model X 10,378 341 $76,193
Tesla Model Y 10,199 316 $49,406
Tesla Model 3 9,960 279 $37,909
Tesla Model S 9,340 378 $66,105
Avg. 9,059 279 $45,147
Hyundai Kona Electric 8,260 258 $29,961
Chevrolet Bolt EV 7,753 259 $25,928
Audi e-tron Sportback 7,210 218 $53,602
Jaguar I-PACE 6,910 240 $51,090
Hyundai Ioniq Electric 6,803 170 $24,748
Kia Niro EV 6,630 239 $32,301
Nissan LEAF 6,395 190 $25,917
Porsche Taycan 4,846 226 $117,484

There are likely a number of reasons for this discrepancy, including the comparatively small number of EV owners, their position as a second vehicle, and the novelty of the technology. However, iSeeCars points out that range is likely having a big impact on these results. To start with, the number of miles a vehicle drives in a year is strongly correlated to how far it can go per charge.

“Looking at 3-year-old electric cars, we see EV owners willing to drive an additional 23 miles per year for every additional mile of range their vehicle offers,” said Brauer. “That means EVs, on average, need an additional 161 miles (259 km) of range to get them to the 12,578-mile (20,532 km) annual driving distance we see from traditional, gasoline-powered vehicles.”

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More: EVs Could Charge In 10 Minutes By 2027, Cutting Costs And Journey Times

 Tesla Owners Put The Most Miles On Their EVs, Porsche Owners The Least

Intriguingly, the connection between driving range and miles driven per year doesn’t just hold for EVs. The average ICE vehicle gets 24.7 MPG, according to the EPA, and has an 18 gallon fuel tank. That means that it can go around 444 miles (715 km) per tank, or 165 miles (265 km) farther than an EV. So, in order for EV drivers to go as far as ICE drivers in a year, manufacturers would have to make them go as far per charge as ICE vehicles go per tank.

That adds a fascinating shade of nuance to the problem of range anxiety, and one that may be expensive to account for. The study found that based on the prices of vehicles on the market, excluding the Porsche Taycan because of its pricing (at 2.6 times the average EV price), consumers are paying an additional $10,000 to get an extra 26.5 miles of battery range. This means that an EV with 440 miles (708 km) of range would cost an estimated $60,000 more than today’s average EV, increasing their price to an unfeasible $105,147.

However, automakers like GM and Stellantis promise that electric vehicles with those kinds of ranges will be on the market soon, meaning that the average miles driven per EV may start creeping up in years to come.

Most Driven 3-Year Old EV In The Top 50 Metro Areas

Metro Area Model Avg. Miles Per Year
Detroit, MI Tesla Model X 14,618
Cincinnati, OH Tesla Model X 14,175
Nashville, TN Tesla Model Y 13,442
Columbus, OH Tesla Model X 13,130
Salt Lake City, UT Hyundai Ioniq Electric 12,967
St. Louis, MO Tesla Model X 12,837
Baltimore, MD Tesla Model X 12,823
Raleigh-Durham (Fayetteville), NC Tesla Model 3 12,805
Denver, CO Hyundai Ioniq Electric 12,782
Norfolk-Portsmouth-Newport News,VA Tesla Model S 12,637
Louisville, KY Tesla Model 3 12,628
San Antonio, TX Tesla Model S 12,455
Dallas-Ft. Worth, TX Tesla Model Y 12,378
West Palm Beach-Ft. Pierce, FL Chevrolet Bolt EV 12,203
Tampa-St Petersburg (Sarasota), FL Tesla Model Y 12,198
Greensboro-Winston Salem, NC Tesla Model S 12,152
Albuquerque-Santa Fe, NM Tesla Model 3 12,084
Greenville-Spartanburg, SC Tesla Model 3 11,972
Philadelphia, PA Tesla Model Y 11,958
Charlotte, NC Tesla Model X 11,873
Pittsburgh, PA Tesla Model X 11,798
Kansas City, MO Tesla Model 3 11,763
Orlando-Daytona Beach, FL Tesla Model X 11,678
Las Vegas, NV Tesla Model X 11,656
Phoenix, AZ Hyundai Ioniq Electric 11,638
Sacramento-Stockton-Modesto, CA Tesla Model Y 11,631
Los Angeles, CA Hyundai Ioniq Electric 11,431
Indianapolis, IN Tesla Model X 11,426
Chicago, IL Tesla Model S 11,399
Atlanta, GA Tesla Model X 11,389
San Diego, CA Hyundai Ioniq Electric 11,371
Portland, OR Tesla Model X 11,307
Miami-Ft. Lauderdale, FL Tesla Model Y 11,267
Cleveland-Akron (Canton), OH Chevrolet Bolt EV 11,246
New York, NY Tesla Model S 11,018
Birmingham, AL Tesla Model 3 11,004
Houston, TX Hyundai Ioniq Electric 10,998
Jacksonville, FL Tesla Model Y 10,988
Washington, DC (Hagerstown, MD) Tesla Model X 10,947
Boston, MA-Manchester, NH Tesla Model 3 10,914
Fresno-Visalia, CA Tesla Model X 10,761
San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA Tesla Model Y 10,646
Hartford & New Haven, CT Tesla Model X 10,628
Minneapolis-St. Paul, MN Tesla Model X 10,576
Oklahoma City, OK Tesla Model 3 10,518
Seattle-Tacoma, WA Hyundai Kona Electric 10,447
Austin, TX Tesla Model 3 10,429
Harrisburg-Lancaster-York, PA Tesla Model 3 10,413
Milwaukee, WI Tesla Model 3 10,226
Grand Rapids-Kalamazoo, MI Tesla Model 3 10,184